Tratamiento de aguas residuales agropecuarias implementando plantas acuáticas Azolla pinnata, Lemna minor y Salvinia minima.
Fecha
2017-12
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Universidad EARTH
Resumen
El tratamiento de las aguas residuales agropecuarias es una actividad primordial, ya que la contaminación de los cuerpos receptores de agua afecta de manera directa el ambiente, la salud y calidad de vida. La necesidad de remover los contaminantes de las aguas residuales ha llevado a la búsqueda de mejores prácticas, con costos de construcción, operación y mantenimiento económicos. Los humedales artificiales son una alternativa de tratamiento viable debido a su alta eficiencia de remoción de contaminantes por las plantas acuáticas y a su bajo costo de instalación y mantenimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la remoción de contaminantes a través de micro-ensayos de humedal artificial utilizando el efluente del biodigestor e implementando plantas acuáticas Azolla pinnata, Lemna minor y Salvinia minima. El efluente fue diluido a concentraciones de 0 % (agua), 25 %, 50 %, 75 % y 100 %; y tuvo un tiempo de retención hidráulica de 10 días. Se analizaron el incremento de biomasa fresca y la reducción de parámetros fisicoquímicas al inicio y final del experimento. Azolla pinnata no demostró potencial en tratamientos de aguas residuales porque se adaptan mejor en aguas limpias. En remoción de fósforo Azolla pinnata fue la más eficiente con un 82.65 % en tratamiento de 50% de concentración y también fue las más eficiente reduciendo DBO5, DQO y PO4 con un 80.97 % y 49.77 %, respectivamente, pero tuvo alta mortalidad en los tratamientos más contaminados. La especie Lemna minor logra incrementar su biomasa a concentraciones altas de contaminantes por la cual es apta para tratamientos de aguas residuales en primera fase. En nitrógeno y sólidos totales indican que Lemna minor fue la más eficiente alcanzando a remover 100 % sin presentar diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones, y un máximo de 44.6 % en sólidos totales entre las concentraciones de efluente de 25 % y 75 %. Salvinia minima es apta para tratamiento de segunda fase ya que su incremento de biomasa en concentraciones de 50 % tuvo un crecimiento de 41.7 g pero en concentraciones de 100 % de efluente hubo mortalidad.
The treatment of agricultural wastewater is an important activity, because the contamination of water resources affects directly the health of the environment. The need to remove pollutants from wastewater has led to the search for better practices that have low economic costs of construction, operation and maintenance of treatment systems. Artificial wetlands are a viable alternative treatment because of their high pollutant removal efficiency and low installation and maintenance costs. This study evaluated the removal of pollutants in small scale artificial wetland tests using the effluent from a biodigester and the aquatic plants Azolla pinnata, Lemna minor and Salvinia minima. The effluent was diluted to concentrations of 0 % (water), 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %; and tests had a hydraulic retention time of 10 days. Biomass gain and physical-chemical water parameters were analyzed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Azolla pinnata demonstrated little potential for use in treatment of dairy waste water as it gained the most biomass in clean water. In phosphorus removal the most efficient was Azolla pinnata with 82.65 % and also the most removal in BOD5 and COD levels with 80.97 % and 49.77 %, respectively; however, at high concentrations this species died in repeated trails suggesting its better suited to secondary treatment systems. Lemna minor was the most efficient gaining biomass in high concentration treatments, suggesting potential use in primary treatment of waste waters. The results of nitrogen removal and total solids suggest Lemna minor was the most efficient of the tree species evaluated, removing to 100 % of nitrogen without significant difference between the concentrations, 44.6 % in total solids between effluent levels of 25 % and 75 %. Salvinia minima has potential in secondary phases of dairy waste water treatment where biomass gain was highest in 50 % concentrations with a growth of 41.7 g but in 100% concentrations this species experienced mortality.
The treatment of agricultural wastewater is an important activity, because the contamination of water resources affects directly the health of the environment. The need to remove pollutants from wastewater has led to the search for better practices that have low economic costs of construction, operation and maintenance of treatment systems. Artificial wetlands are a viable alternative treatment because of their high pollutant removal efficiency and low installation and maintenance costs. This study evaluated the removal of pollutants in small scale artificial wetland tests using the effluent from a biodigester and the aquatic plants Azolla pinnata, Lemna minor and Salvinia minima. The effluent was diluted to concentrations of 0 % (water), 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %; and tests had a hydraulic retention time of 10 days. Biomass gain and physical-chemical water parameters were analyzed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Azolla pinnata demonstrated little potential for use in treatment of dairy waste water as it gained the most biomass in clean water. In phosphorus removal the most efficient was Azolla pinnata with 82.65 % and also the most removal in BOD5 and COD levels with 80.97 % and 49.77 %, respectively; however, at high concentrations this species died in repeated trails suggesting its better suited to secondary treatment systems. Lemna minor was the most efficient gaining biomass in high concentration treatments, suggesting potential use in primary treatment of waste waters. The results of nitrogen removal and total solids suggest Lemna minor was the most efficient of the tree species evaluated, removing to 100 % of nitrogen without significant difference between the concentrations, 44.6 % in total solids between effluent levels of 25 % and 75 %. Salvinia minima has potential in secondary phases of dairy waste water treatment where biomass gain was highest in 50 % concentrations with a growth of 41.7 g but in 100% concentrations this species experienced mortality.
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TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES, PLANTAS ACUATICAS, AZOLLA, LEMNA, SALVINIA MINIMA