Sistema para descontaminación de aguas grises mediante el establecimiento de biojardineras.
Fecha
2016-12
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Universidad EARTH
Resumen
En las comunidades rurales se resalta una visible necesidad de manejo y reordenamiento en la generación de aguas grises, ya que es nula la existencia de sistemas de este tipo. Esta es la razón principal por la cual se ideó este proyecto, el cual consistió en un proceso de sondeo, concientización, diseño, implementación, proceso de funcionamiento y evaluación del sistema respecto a la descontaminación de las aguas grises domésticas. Se construyeron dos biojardineras en la comunidad de Santa Rosa de Río Jiménez. El diseño de este sistema de descontaminación de aguas grises se realizó basándose en la experiencia de ACEPESA (Asociación Centroamericana para la Economía, Salud y el Ambiente) en cuanto al desarrollo y ejecución de proyectos similares. Además se hizo énfasis en las altas precipitaciones pluviales anuales que se presentan en las condiciones climáticas del trópico húmedo. Las aguas grises domésticas que ingresaron al sistema de descontaminación provenían del lavado de ropa, ducha, lavadora, fregadero, producción y procesamiento de queso y carne de pollo a pequeña escala. Estas fueron captadas en una tubería de PVC y conducidas hasta la pendiente más baja del terreno, siendo este el punto ideal para la construcción de la biojardinera. El sistema para descontaminación de agua grises estuvo conformado por tres componentes importantes: trampa de grasa, tanque ecualizador y biojardinera. Durante tres semanas posteriores al funcionamiento de cada sistema se tomaron tres muestras de agua, realizando una comparación entre calidad de agua en afluente y efluente. Se lograron eficiencias de remoción hasta 91 % para DBO5 y hasta 86 % para el DQO. Para ambos parámetros lograron cumplir con la ley de Costa Rica para descargar estos efluentes. Sin embargo, la concentración de sólidos totales en el efluente todavía excede el límite permisible por ley (51 mg/L).
In rural communities there is a need for the adequate management of grey waters generated in the home; as yet there are no systems designed for this type of wastewater. This was the principal reason for the developing this project, which consisted in an analysis of the situation in the community of Santa Rosa de Río Jiménez and a survey to determine the community’s awareness of the problem. Based on the results of the survey, two homes were selected for the design, construction, implementation, and evaluation of a biofilter garden system for the decontamination of the household gray water. The designed used was developed by the Central American Association for Economics, Health and the Environment (ACEPESA, the acronym in Spanish) who have implemented similar projects. However, the design in this project also included an emphasis on the high precipitation conditions of the humid tropics. The domestic grey water that entered the designed systems included wastewater from the laundry room, kitchen, and bathroom, as well as from the small-scale production of cheese and poultry processing. These grey waters were collected in PVC tubing and directed to a point of lower elevation where the biofilter garden could be constructed. The system for the decontamination of the grey water consisted in three important components, a grease trap, an equalization tank, and the biofilter garden. For three weeks after the system was installed, three samples each of influent and effluent, from each biofilter garden, were collected and analyzed. Efficiencies of up to 91 % for BOD5 and up to 86 % for COD were achieved. The concentrations of these parameters met with the permissible limits required by the law in Costa Rica for the discharge of these effluents. However, the concentration of total solids in the effluent exceeded the allowable limit required by law (51 mg/L).
In rural communities there is a need for the adequate management of grey waters generated in the home; as yet there are no systems designed for this type of wastewater. This was the principal reason for the developing this project, which consisted in an analysis of the situation in the community of Santa Rosa de Río Jiménez and a survey to determine the community’s awareness of the problem. Based on the results of the survey, two homes were selected for the design, construction, implementation, and evaluation of a biofilter garden system for the decontamination of the household gray water. The designed used was developed by the Central American Association for Economics, Health and the Environment (ACEPESA, the acronym in Spanish) who have implemented similar projects. However, the design in this project also included an emphasis on the high precipitation conditions of the humid tropics. The domestic grey water that entered the designed systems included wastewater from the laundry room, kitchen, and bathroom, as well as from the small-scale production of cheese and poultry processing. These grey waters were collected in PVC tubing and directed to a point of lower elevation where the biofilter garden could be constructed. The system for the decontamination of the grey water consisted in three important components, a grease trap, an equalization tank, and the biofilter garden. For three weeks after the system was installed, three samples each of influent and effluent, from each biofilter garden, were collected and analyzed. Efficiencies of up to 91 % for BOD5 and up to 86 % for COD were achieved. The concentrations of these parameters met with the permissible limits required by the law in Costa Rica for the discharge of these effluents. However, the concentration of total solids in the effluent exceeded the allowable limit required by law (51 mg/L).
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TRATAMIENTO DEL AGUA, PURIFICACION DEL AGUA, DESCONTAMINACION, RIO JIMENEZ, GUACIMO