Efecto de la aireación activa en un compostaje de residuos orgánicos domiciliarios a pequeña escala.
Fecha
2018-12
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Universidad EARTH
Resumen
El mal manejo de los residuos orgánicos domiciliarios es un problema que enfrenta la sociedad actualmente. Un manejo alternativo, en donde el ciudadano puede hacer un aporte hacia la solución de este problema, es transformarlos en abono orgánico, los cuales podrían ser aplicados al suelo y no terminar en un relleno sanitario. La forma más usada para la realización de abonos orgánicos es por medio del volteo manual, pero este presenta ciertas dificultades. Por tanto, este estudio evaluó el efecto de la aireación activa en un compostaje de residuos orgánicos domiciliarios a pequeña escala, donde se determinó el requerimiento de aireación activa en La min-1 kg SV-1 que disminuyera el tiempo de descomposición de los residuos. Adicionalmente, se analizó la calidad nutricional del compost, la evolución de la temperatura, el contenido de sólidos volátiles, densidad, pérdida de masa y fitotoxicidad, y así compararlo con un sistema de compostaje tradicional de volteo manual. Se evaluaron tres diferentes flujos de aire: 0,5 La min-1 kg SV-1 como valor medio, 0,2 La min-1 kg SV-1 como valor inferior y 1 La min-1 kg SV-1 como valor superior. El testigo fue volteado cada tres días manualmente. Los resultados mostraron que se logró igualar el tiempo de descomposición que un sistema tradicional, además que la evolución de la temperatura fuera igual a lo esperado en un compostaje industrial, e inclusive el compostaje tradicional. El tiempo de estabilización de la temperatura y los valores de pH fueron los mismo para todos los tratamientos. Se determinó que, a mayor flujo de aire, se presenta menor temperatura y menor contenido de humedad. El índice de aireación de 0,2 La min-1 kg SV-1 presentó mayor descomposición de la materia orgánica, mejor proporción de nutrientes y relación menor relación C:N, logrando también temperaturas por encima de los 50 °C por al menos tres días consecutivos. Sin embargo, las diferencias entre los otros tratamientos no fueron significativas, por lo que no se pudo validar un índice óptimo de aireación, pero si validar cuantitivamente el concepto de aireación activa en compostaje a pequeña escala.
The mismanagement of organic waste is a problem that the society is facing today. An alternative management, where the citizen can contribute for this problem, is to transform this organic waste into organic fertilizer, which can be applied to the soil and not end up in a sanitary landfill. The most used way to transform organic waste into organic fertilizers is compost by manual turning, but this system presents certain difficulties. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of active aeration and composting of household organic waste, determining the active aeration rate in La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 , at which time was reduced. In addition, the nutritional quality of the compost, the evolution of the temperature, the content of volatile solids, the density, the loss of mass and the phytotoxicity were analyzed and compared with the traditional manual turning compost system. Three different air flows were evaluated: 0.5 La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 as a mean value, 0.2 La min‑ 1 kg SV1 as a lower value and 1,0 T La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 as top value. The control treatment was mixed every three days manually. The obtained results showed that the time of decomposition using active aeration was equal to the traditional system, in addition, the evolution of the temperature was the same from an industrial composting, included the traditional composting. The stabilization time of the temperature and the pH values were the same for all the treatments. It was determined that at greater air flow rate, lower temperature and lower moisture content occurs. The aeration rate of 0.2 La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 presented more decomposition of organic matter, a better nutrient quality and a lower C:N ratio, achieving temperatures above 50 °C for more than three consecutive days. However, the differences between the other treatments were not significant, so it has not been possible to establish an optimal aeration rate. The concept of active aeration has been validated at small scale.
The mismanagement of organic waste is a problem that the society is facing today. An alternative management, where the citizen can contribute for this problem, is to transform this organic waste into organic fertilizer, which can be applied to the soil and not end up in a sanitary landfill. The most used way to transform organic waste into organic fertilizers is compost by manual turning, but this system presents certain difficulties. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of active aeration and composting of household organic waste, determining the active aeration rate in La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 , at which time was reduced. In addition, the nutritional quality of the compost, the evolution of the temperature, the content of volatile solids, the density, the loss of mass and the phytotoxicity were analyzed and compared with the traditional manual turning compost system. Three different air flows were evaluated: 0.5 La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 as a mean value, 0.2 La min‑ 1 kg SV1 as a lower value and 1,0 T La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 as top value. The control treatment was mixed every three days manually. The obtained results showed that the time of decomposition using active aeration was equal to the traditional system, in addition, the evolution of the temperature was the same from an industrial composting, included the traditional composting. The stabilization time of the temperature and the pH values were the same for all the treatments. It was determined that at greater air flow rate, lower temperature and lower moisture content occurs. The aeration rate of 0.2 La min‑ 1 kg SV-1 presented more decomposition of organic matter, a better nutrient quality and a lower C:N ratio, achieving temperatures above 50 °C for more than three consecutive days. However, the differences between the other treatments were not significant, so it has not been possible to establish an optimal aeration rate. The concept of active aeration has been validated at small scale.
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MANEJO DE DESECHOS, COMPOST, DESECHOS ORGANICOS, AIREACION