Formulación y evaluación de enmiendas a base de cáscara de camarón, turba y gallinaza para mejorar la salud del suelo.
Fecha
2019-12
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Universidad EARTH
Resumen
El suelo es el recurso natural que ha sufrido degradación y perdida de sus características gracias al uso de agroquímicos y de malas prácticas agrícolas a raíz de esto el ser humano busca formas de contrarrestar este daño y favorecer a su conservación. El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo el objetivo de formular, elaborar y evaluar fertilizantes basados en el uso de cáscaras de camarón, turba y gallinaza para mejorar la salud del suelo. Para poder alcanzar estos objetivos se realizó la caracterización de las propiedades físicas y químicas de las materias primas, evaluación de la dinámica de liberación de nutrientes y la formulación de fertilizantes en diferentes presentaciones con su aplicación al cultivo de maíz para conocer los efectos sobre el cultivo y la actividad microbiana en el suelo. Se formularon dos fertilizantes organominerales en forma de pellets, uno en forma de mezcla física y una mezcla comercial para establecer cuatro tratamientos: T1: pellets con gallinaza, turba y fertilizantes inorgánicos (Urea, DAP y KCl), T2: pellets con cáscaras de camarón, turba, gallinaza y fertilizantes inorgánicos, T3: mezcla física con cáscaras de camarón, turba, gallinaza y fertilizantes inorgánicos y T4: mezcla física de fertilizantes convencionales. Los resultados en campo mostraron que no existió diferencia significativa entre los cuatro tratamientos en altura de la planta, biomasa fresca y peso de la mazorca. Mientras que en laboratorio se encontró que T1 y T2 mostraron una diferencia en la liberación de nutrientes. En cuanto a la biomasa microbiana final se pudo observar que T1, T2 y T3 mostraron un aumento de biomasa microbiana en comparación con el T4. También T1, T2 y T3 tuvieron mayor masa microbiana a finales del estudio. Se determinó que el uso de fertilizantes organominerales en forma de pellets y de fertilizantes convencionales tuvieron igual rendimiento, sin embargo, los fertilizantes organominerales si mejoran la salud del suelo por el aumento de la biomasa microbiana además de ser de liberación lenta. Los fertilizantes organominerales liberan nutrientes paulatinamente, una propiedad que ofrece potencial para uso de estos fertilizantes en manejo sostenible de suelos y aguas.
The soil is the natural resource that has suffered degradation and loss of its characteristics owing to the use of agrochemicals and bad agricultural practices. Therefore, human beings seek ways to counteract this damage and promote soil conservation. The present research work aimed to formulate, develop and evaluate selected fertilizers that use shrimp shells, peat and chicken manure to improve soil health. In order to achieve these objectives, the characterization of the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials, evaluation of the dynamics of nutrient release and the formulation of fertilizers in different presentations (with their application to the cultivation of corn) were investigated in order to know the effects on the crop and the microbial activity in the soil. Two organomineral fertilizers were formulated in the form of granules, one in the form of a physical mixture and the other as a commercial mixture, to establish four treatments: T1: chicken pellets, peat and inorganic fertilizers (urea, DAP and KCl), T2: pellets with shrimp shells, peat, chicken manure and inorganic fertilizers, T3: physical mixture with shrimp shells, peat, chicken manure and inorganic fertilizers, and T4: physical mixture of inorganic fertilizers. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between the four treatments in plant height, fresh biomass and ear weight. In the laboratory it was found that T1 and T2 had a difference in nutrient release. As for the final microbial biomass, it could be observed that T1, T2 and T3 evidenced an increase in microbial biomass compared to T4. In addition, T1, T2 and T3 had more microbial mass at the end of the study. It was determined that the use of organomineral fertilizers in the form of granules and inorganic fertilizers have an equal yield. However, organomineral fertilizers do improve soil health by increasing microbial biomass as well as being slow release. Organomineral fertilizers release nutrients gradually, a property that offers potential for the use of these fertilizers in the sustainable management of soil and water.
The soil is the natural resource that has suffered degradation and loss of its characteristics owing to the use of agrochemicals and bad agricultural practices. Therefore, human beings seek ways to counteract this damage and promote soil conservation. The present research work aimed to formulate, develop and evaluate selected fertilizers that use shrimp shells, peat and chicken manure to improve soil health. In order to achieve these objectives, the characterization of the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials, evaluation of the dynamics of nutrient release and the formulation of fertilizers in different presentations (with their application to the cultivation of corn) were investigated in order to know the effects on the crop and the microbial activity in the soil. Two organomineral fertilizers were formulated in the form of granules, one in the form of a physical mixture and the other as a commercial mixture, to establish four treatments: T1: chicken pellets, peat and inorganic fertilizers (urea, DAP and KCl), T2: pellets with shrimp shells, peat, chicken manure and inorganic fertilizers, T3: physical mixture with shrimp shells, peat, chicken manure and inorganic fertilizers, and T4: physical mixture of inorganic fertilizers. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between the four treatments in plant height, fresh biomass and ear weight. In the laboratory it was found that T1 and T2 had a difference in nutrient release. As for the final microbial biomass, it could be observed that T1, T2 and T3 evidenced an increase in microbial biomass compared to T4. In addition, T1, T2 and T3 had more microbial mass at the end of the study. It was determined that the use of organomineral fertilizers in the form of granules and inorganic fertilizers have an equal yield. However, organomineral fertilizers do improve soil health by increasing microbial biomass as well as being slow release. Organomineral fertilizers release nutrients gradually, a property that offers potential for the use of these fertilizers in the sustainable management of soil and water.
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Palabras clave
ENMIENDAS DEL SUELO, COMPOST, ABONOS ORGANICOS, MICROORGANISMOS DEL SUELO